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PD-1 and PD-L1
The immune system is capable of defending against pathogens and early malignant cells, but it maintains tolerance to self. PD-1 and its ligand PD-L1 are surface proteins expressed on activated T cells and APCs respectively. When PD-L1 binds to PD-1, an inhibitory signal is transmitted into T cells and reduces cytokine production and suppresses T-cell proliferation thus protect APCs from killing by T cells. Many cancer cells over-express PD-L1 to escape the immunological attack by inactivating T cells.
Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1)
Soluble PD-1 (sPD-1) is present in patients/animal models with autoimmune diseases and cancer. For example, sPD-1 is detectable in the synovial fluid and sera of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The serum sPD-1 level may be a potential biomarker for RA as the increased levels correlate with disease activity.
sPD-1 can antagonize the inhibitory effect of membrane-bound PD-L1 and improves the anti-tumor immunity. It is reported that elevated sPD-1 level is associated with prolonged survival in patients with non-small cell lung cancer treated with erlotinib.
PD-1 ELISA Kit
Blood levels of PD-1 might facilitate the prediction of pathological characteristics, treatment response, and survival outcomes in patients with autoimmune diseases or cancers.
arigo offers multiple PD-1 ELISA Kits that are suitable for plasma, serum, and cell culture supernatant. These kits are ideal for preclinical studies or pharmathetical development for autoimmune diseases or cancers in mouse model.
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